{
  "checked": "2026-10-14",
  "sources": {
    "faa-weather-delay": {
      "title": "FAQ: Weather Delay",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/programs/weather/faq",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Historical system-impacting delay statistics and the relationship between weather, demand and capacity."
    },
    "faa-rvr-order": {
      "title": "Order 6560.10D \u2014 Runway Visual Range",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/FAA_Order_6560.10D.pdf",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "RVR definitions, visibility-sensor siting and use for aviation operations."
    },
    "faa-rvr-overview": {
      "title": "Visual Guidance Lighting Systems \u2014 Runway Visual Range",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/lsg/rvr",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "The role of runway visual range in precision approaches and low-visibility operations."
    },
    "faa-rvr-public": {
      "title": "Runway Visual Range Website Help",
      "url": "https://rvr.data.faa.gov/help.html",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "The public display is a situational-awareness resource, not an official operational source."
    },
    "vaisala-mor": {
      "title": "Meteorological optical range \u2014 LT31 technical documentation",
      "url": "https://docs.vaisala.com/r/M210667EN-G/en-US/GUID-A9B97051-B87E-4065-AAA6-F7450B732AAF/GUID-844CDE21-5C8F-4D41-849B-BAF15AA50901",
      "organization": "Vaisala",
      "note": "Manufacturer documentation explaining the optical relationship underlying MOR."
    },
    "vaisala-rvr": {
      "title": "Understanding Runway Visual Range with Vaisala Expert Jarmo Pilli",
      "url": "https://www.vaisala.com/en/blog/2025-02/understanding-runway-visual-range-rvr-vaisala-expert-jarmo-pilli",
      "organization": "Vaisala",
      "note": "Manufacturer explanation of MOR, background luminance and runway-light inputs to RVR."
    },
    "damak-2018": {
      "title": "Electrostatically driven fog collection using space charge injection",
      "url": "https://dspace.mit.edu/entities/publication/79ee3b02-417d-425a-ac4e-c7e6209d6860",
      "organization": "MIT / Science Advances",
      "note": "Maher Damak and Kripa K. Varanasi. Science Advances 4(6) (2018), eaao5323. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5323. Collector experiments, not an airport deployment."
    },
    "fog-collector-2021": {
      "title": "Electrostatic fog collection mechanism and design of an electrostatic fog collector with nearly perfect fog collection efficiency",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2021.117034",
      "organization": "Chemical Engineering Science",
      "note": "Yuan Jiang, Renjie Xu, Siru Liu, Guilian Liu and Xiaohong Yan. Chemical Engineering Science 247 (2022), 117034. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117034. Publisher abstract/highlights support the reported collector result; full text not reviewed for this page."
    },
    "wmo-modification": {
      "title": "WMO Statement on Weather Modification",
      "url": "https://public.wmo.int/content/wmo-statement-weather-modification",
      "organization": "World Meteorological Organization",
      "note": "Published June 14, 2025; technical assessment covers information through June 2024."
    },
    "westjet-hail": {
      "title": "WestJet service update \u2014 August 8, 2024",
      "url": "https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/news/2024/westjet-service-update---august-7-",
      "organization": "WestJet",
      "note": "Airline account of aircraft damage and protective actions during the August 5, 2024 Calgary hailstorm."
    },
    "westjet-recovery": {
      "title": "WestJet works diligently to safely return 16 aircraft to service in wake of Calgary hailstorm",
      "url": "https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/news/2024/westjet-works-diligently-to-safely-return-16-aircraft-to-service",
      "organization": "WestJet",
      "note": "Airline account of repair duration and network disruption after the 2024 hailstorm."
    },
    "airbus-hail": {
      "title": "Bird or Hail Strikes on the Radome",
      "url": "https://safetyfirst.airbus.com/bird-or-hail-strikes-on-the-radome/?airbus-iframe=true&airbus-post=2056",
      "organization": "Airbus Safety First",
      "note": "Manufacturer explanation of potentially hidden damage and the importance of applicable maintenance inspections."
    },
    "nssl-hail": {
      "title": "NSSL Research: Hail",
      "url": "https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/research/hail/",
      "organization": "NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory",
      "note": "Hail detection, radar interpretation, microphysics and verification research."
    },
    "nws-lightning-aircraft": {
      "title": "Lightning and Planes",
      "url": "https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-planes",
      "organization": "NOAA National Weather Service",
      "note": "Aircraft lightning exposure and inspection consequences; distinct from protecting people on the ramp."
    },
    "nws-lightning-planning": {
      "title": "Lightning Safety and Outdoor Sports Activities",
      "url": "https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-sports",
      "organization": "NOAA National Weather Service",
      "note": "General lightning-plan principles; not an airport operating procedure or a source of universal ramp thresholds."
    },
    "earthnetworks-airport": {
      "title": "Airport Operations Solutions",
      "url": "https://www.earthnetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Domestic_Airport-Operations_Letter_DataSheet.pdf",
      "organization": "Earth Networks",
      "note": "Vendor description of existing lightning, weather-observation, alerting and meteorological-service offerings."
    },
    "faa-airport-operations": {
      "title": "Aeronautical Information Manual \u2014 Airport Operations",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/aim_html/chap4_section_3.html",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Established windshear systems and runway-condition reporting practices."
    },
    "faa-itws": {
      "title": "Integrated Terminal Weather System",
      "url": "https://cdm.fly.faa.gov/products/itws",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Description of terminal-weather observations, storm tracking and wind-hazard products."
    },
    "vaisala-approach": {
      "title": "Approach Area Weather",
      "url": "https://www.vaisala.com/en/industries-applications/aviation/approach-area-weather",
      "organization": "Vaisala",
      "note": "Vendor overview of radar, lidar, ceilometers and aviation decision-support systems."
    },
    "faa-wet-runway": {
      "title": "AC 91-79B \u2014 Aircraft Landing Performance and Runway Excursion Mitigation",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC_91-79B_FAA.pdf",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Heavy-rain and standing-water risks, reporting limitations and landing-performance considerations."
    },
    "faa-drainage": {
      "title": "Airport Drainage Design \u2014 AC 150/5320-5D",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150_5320_5d.pdf",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Airport surface and subsurface drainage design guidance; current applicability must be checked for each project."
    },
    "faa-sms": {
      "title": "Safety Management Systems for Airports and Airport Projects",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/safety_management_systems",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Airport safety-management and project safety-risk-management resources."
    },
    "faa-emi": {
      "title": "Aeronautical Studies \u2014 Evaluating Effects on Air Navigation and Communication Facilities",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/AIR/air0603.html",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "FAA consideration of physical, electromagnetic and line-of-sight effects on aviation infrastructure."
    },
    "faa-lvo": {
      "title": "AC 120-57C \u2014 Low Visibility Operations / Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC_120-57C.pdf",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Airport-specific planning for low-visibility surface movements; issued September 26, 2023."
    },
    "faa-awrp": {
      "title": "Aviation Weather Research Program",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/programs/weather/awrp",
      "organization": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "note": "Applied weather research addressing operational needs, including ceiling and visibility."
    },
    "modern-skies": {
      "title": "Modern Skies Act \u2014 S. 5572, introduced text",
      "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s5572is/html/BILLS-119s5572is.htm",
      "organization": "U.S. Government Publishing Office",
      "note": "Introduced September 28, 2026; sections 3, 4 and 6. Proposal, not an awarded grant."
    },
    "bill-status": {
      "title": "S. 5572 \u2014 bill details and introduced status",
      "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BILLS-119s5572is",
      "organization": "U.S. Government Publishing Office",
      "note": "Latest action listed: introduced and referred to committee, September 28, 2026. Checked October 14, 2026."
    },
    "duffy": {
      "title": "DOT announcement of the $30 billion Modern Skies proposal",
      "url": "https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/trumps-transportation-secretary-sean-p-duffy-modern-skies-coalition-applaud-senator",
      "organization": "U.S. Department of Transportation",
      "note": "September 28, 2026. Broad announcement categories differ in detail from the introduced bill."
    },
    "aip": {
      "title": "Airport Improvement Program: eligible projects",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/overview",
      "organization": "FAA",
      "note": "Includes AWOS and some planning; excludes routine operating costs. Site and project eligibility require FAA determination."
    },
    "research-grants": {
      "title": "How the Aviation Research Grants Program works",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ang/grants/research/how",
      "organization": "FAA",
      "note": "Identifies universities, colleges and incorporated nonprofit research institutions as eligible grantees."
    },
    "awos": {
      "title": "Buying, operating and maintaining AWOS",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/non_federal/awos",
      "organization": "FAA",
      "note": "Use approved systems and coordinate acquisition and maintenance with the Non-Federal Program."
    }
  }
}